Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Hamilton Smith (26 December 1776, East Flanders, Belgium –21 September 1859, Plymouth) was an English artist, naturalist, antiquary, illustrator, soldier and spy.
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His military career began in 1787 when he studied at the Austrian academy for artillery and engineers at Mechelen and Leuven in Belgium. Although his military service, which ended in 1820 and included the Napoleonic Wars, saw him travel extensively (including the West Indies, Canada and United States), much of the time saw him at a desk job in Britain. One of his noteworthy achievements was an 1800 experiment to determine which colour should be used for military uniform. The increasing accuracy of firearms, especially rifles, brought advantages to shades which offer a less distinctive target - by testing the accuracy of a rifle company against grey, green and red targets, he showed scientifically the advantages of grey (and to a lesser extent, green) uniforms over red ones common at the time and recommended that grey be adopted for riflemen and light infantry. The British army did not heed his advice, with green becoming the colour associated with light infantry. Initially commissioned into the 60th Foot, Smith later transferred to the 6th Foot.
As a prolific self-taught illustrator, he is also known in military history circles for Costume of the Army of the British Empire, produced towards the end of the Napoleonic Wars and an accurate depiction of contemporary British uniform. As an antiquarian, he also produced in collaboration with Samuel Rush Meyrick Costume of the Original Inhabitants of the British Islands, 1815 and The Ancient Costume of England, with historical illustrations of Medieval knights, ladies, ships and battles. The majority of his vast corpus of work (he estimated it was over 38,000 drawings) was non-military in character but largely passed into obscurity. Notebooks of his observations as a naturalist have survived, as well as antiquarian illustrations of civilian life. He also wrote on the History of the Seven Years’ War and the Natural history of dogs.[1] Smith was of Flemish origin; he wrote the military part of Cox's Marlborough and many military and natural history books.[2]
Charles Hamilton Smith was a believer in polygenism, he believed races had been created separately. He published the book The Natural History of the Human Species in 1848. In the book he maintained that there had always been three fundamentally distinct human types: The caucasian, the Mongolian and the negro. He also referred to the polygenist Samuel George Morton's work in America.[3] Smith’s book was re-printed in America, Samuel Kneeland (naturalist) wrote an 84 page introduction to the American edition of the book where he laid out evidence which supports polygenist creationism and that the bible is entirely compatible with multiple Adams.[4]